Explaining the Size and Nature of Response in a Survey on Health Status and Economic Standard
- National Institute of Economic Research, Sweden
- Department of Economics, Sweden
Cite this article
as: F. Johansson-Tormod, A. Klevmarken; 2022; Explaining the Size and Nature of Response in a Survey on Health Status and Economic Standard; International Journal of Microsimulation; 15(1); 63-77.
doi: 10.34196/ijm.00250
Tables
Table 1
Response rates by gender.
| Status | Male | Female | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Responded | 412 | 61.2 | 469 | 62.0 | 881 | 61.6 |
| Refusals | 149 | 22.2 | 174 | 23.0 | 323 | 22.6 |
| Not reached | 112 | 16.6 | 114 | 15.0 | 226 | 15.8 |
| Sample size | 673 | 100.0 | 757 | 100.0 | 1430 | 100.0 |
| Chi2(2)=0.709 | (0.702) | |||||
Table 2
Distribution of response status by age.
| Status | Age group | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50-55 | 56-60 | 61-65 | 66-70 | 71-75 | 76-80 | >80 | All | |
| Responded | 211 59.60 | 198 63.46 | 133 65.84 | 108 61.71 | 97 62.18 | 90 59.60 | 44 55.00 | 881 61.6 |
| Refusal | 77 21.75 | 48 15.38 | 46 22.77 | 39 22.29 | 42 26.92 | 45 29.80 | 26 32.50 | 323 22.6 |
| Not reached | 66 18.64 | 66 21.15 | 23 11.39 | 28 16.00 | 17 10.90 | 16 10.60 | 10.0 12.50 | 226 15.8 |
| All | 354 | 312 | 202 | 175 | 156 | 151 | 80 | 1430 |
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Chi2(12)=32.686 (0.001).
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Note: Column percent in italics.
Table 3
Distribution of response status by education.
| Status | Compulsory schooling | High school and at most 2 years of university | More than 2 years of university | Missing value | All |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Responded | 339 66.3 | 355 66.5 | 187 69.3 | 0 0.0 | 881 61.6 |
| Refusal | 98 19.2 | 95 17.8 | 47 17.4 | 83 72.2 | 323 22.6 |
| Not reached | 74 14.5 | 84 15.7 | 36 13.3 | 32 27.8 | 226 15.8 |
| All | 511 | 534 | 270 | 115 | 1430 |
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Chi2(6)=225.92 (0.000).
-
Note 1: Column percent in italics. Note 2: Register data on schooling are missing for respondents older than 75 years. Survey information was used for 150 respondents.
Table 4
Distribution of response status by marital status.
| Status | Married | Unmarried | All |
|---|---|---|---|
| Responded | 561 66.63 | 320 54.42 | 881 61.6 |
| Refusal | 194 23.04 | 129 21.94 | 323 22.6 |
| Not reached | 87 10.33 | 139 23.64 | 226 15.8 |
| All | 842 | 588 | 1430 |
-
Chi2(2)=47.349 (0.000).
-
Note: Column percent in italics.
Table 5
Distribution of response status by household size
| Status | 1 | 2 | 3 or more | All |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Responded | 284 55.47 | 430 64.76 | 167 65.75 | 881 61.6 |
| Refusal | 113 22.07 | 154 19.65 | 56 22.05 | 323 22.6 |
| Not reached | 115 22.46 | 80 14.45 | 31 12.20 | 226 15.8 |
| All | 512 | 664 | 254 | 1430 |
-
Chi2(14)=38.25 (0.000).
-
Note: Column percent in italics.
Table 6
Distribution of response status by the monthly wage rate (SEK)
| Status | I≤10,000 | 10,000<I≤20,000 | I>20,000 | All |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Responded | 155 69.8 | 167 69.9 | 202 65.6 | 524 68.1 |
| Refusal | 33 14.9 | 42 17.6 | 61 19.8 | 136 17.7 |
| Not reached | 34 15.3 | 30 12.6 | 45 14.6 | 109 14.2 |
| All | 222 | 239 | 308 | 769 |
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Chi2(4)=2.964(0.564).
-
Note: Column percent in italics.
Table 7
Distribution of response status by employment
| Status | If wage rate | No wage rate | All |
|---|---|---|---|
| Responded | 524 68.14 | 357 54.01 | 881 61.6 |
| Refusal | 136 17.69 | 187 28.29 | 323 22.6 |
| Not reached | 109 14.17 | 117 17.70 | 226 15.8 |
| All | 769 | 661 | 1430 |
-
Chi2(2)=32.018 (0.000).
-
Note: Column percent in italics.
Table 8
Distribution of response status by disposable income (Y).
| Status | Y≤90,000 | 90,000<Y≤120,000 | 120,000<Y≤180,000 | 180,000<Y | All |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Responded | 136 52.1 | 181 52.5 | 305 69.9 | 259 66.8 | 881 61.6 |
| Refusal | 72 27.6 | 99 28.7 | 74 17.0 | 78 20.1 | 323 22.6 |
| Not reached | 53 20.3 | 65 18.8 | 57 13.1 | 51 13.1 | 226 15.8 |
| All | 261 | 345 | 436 | 388 | 1430 |
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Chi2(6)=39.99 (0.000).
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Note 1: Column percent in italics. Note 2: Disposable income in SEK per capita.
Table 9
Distribution of response status if on welfare or not.
| Status | No welfare | Welfare | All |
|---|---|---|---|
| Responded | 875 62.54 | 6 19.35 | 881 61.6 |
| Refusal | 312 22.30 | 11 35.48 | 323 22.6 |
| Not reached | 212 15.15 | 14 45.16 | 226 15.8 |
| All | 842 | 31 | 1430 |
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Chi2(2)=28.795 (0.000).
-
Note: Column percent in italics.
Table 10
Distribution of response status by nationality
| Status | Swedish | Nonswedish | All |
|---|---|---|---|
| Responded | 860 62.82 | 21 34.43 | 881 61.6 |
| Refusal | 306 22.35 | 17 27.87 | 323 22.6 |
| Not reached | 203 14.83 | 23 37.70 | 226 15.8 |
| All | 1369 | 61 | 1430 |
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Chi2(2)=27.766 (0.000).
-
Note: Column percent in italics.
Table 11
Distribution of response status by urbanization
| Status | Major city | Other urban | Rural | All |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Responded | 282 59.87 | 474 62.04 | 125 64.10 | 881 61.6 |
| Refusal | 94 19.96 | 182 23.82 | 47 24.10 | 323 22.6 |
| Not reached | 95 20.17 | 108 14.14 | 23 11.80 | 226 15.8 |
| All | 471 | 764 | 195 | 1430 |
-
Chi2(4)=11.61 (0.020).
-
Note: Column percent in italics.
Table 12
Distribution of response status by having a psychiatric diagnosis 1997-2002
| Status | No diagnosis | Diagnosis | All |
|---|---|---|---|
| Responded | 862 68.14 | 19 54.01 | 881 61.6 |
| Refusal | 313 17.69 | 10 28.29 | 323 22.6 |
| Not reached | 206 14.17 | 20 17.70 | 226 15.8 |
| All | 1381 | 49 | 1430 |
-
Chi2(2)=24.485 (0.000)
-
Note: Column percent in italics.
Table 13
Descriptive statistics of independent variables.
| Variable | Mean | S.D. |
|---|---|---|
| Age1 (≤55) | 0.247 | 0.432 |
| Age2 (56-75) | 0.591 | 0.491 |
| Age3 (76-) | 0.162 | 0.368 |
| Age4 (≤60) | 0.466 | 0.499 |
| Age5 (61-70) | 0.263 | 0.440 |
| Age6 (71-) | 0.271 | 0.444 |
| If female | 0.530 | 0.499 |
| If compulsory school | 0.357 | 0.479 |
| If high school | 0.373 | 0.484 |
| If university | 0.189 | 0.380 |
| If schooling missing | 0.080 | 0.391 |
| Wage (monthly) | 9,490 | 12,870 |
| If no wage | 0.462 | 0.498 |
| Disposable income | 159,995 | 309,114 |
| If sickness benefit | 0.111 | 0.314 |
| If social security | 0.022 | 0.146 |
| If major city | 0.330 | 0.470 |
| If urban area | 0.534 | 0.498 |
| If rural area | 0.136 | 0.343 |
| If leisure home | 0.141 | 0.348 |
| Household size | 1.894 | 0.895 |
| If unemployed | 0.046 | 0.210 |
| If married | 0.588 | 0.492 |
| If immigrant | 0.042 | 0.202 |
| If hospital stay | 0.111 | 0.314 |
Table 14
ML estimates of a bivariate probit model.
| Variable | Estimate | S.D. | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participation given contact | |||
| Constant | 0.839 | 0.298 | (0.005) |
| Age2 (55-75) | 0.209 | 0.118 | (0.076) |
| Age3 (76-) | 6.689 | 0.161 | (0.000) |
| If female | 0.009 | 0.092 | (0.924) |
| If schooling missing | -13.991 | 0.248 | (0.000) |
| If high school* | -0.194 | 0.136 | (0.153) |
| If university† | 0.026 | 0.125 | (0.837) |
| Wage rate | -11.4e-06 | 5.72e-06 | (0.045) |
| If no wage | -0.535 | 0.125 | (0.000) |
| Disposable income | 7.88e-07 | 6.87e-07 | (0.251) |
| If welfare benefits | -0.815 | 0.374 | (0.000) |
| Household size | -0.087 | 0.067 | (0.193) |
| If married | 0.165 | 0.145 | (0.254) |
| If immigrant | -0.360 | 0.250 | (0.150) |
| Contact | |||
| Constant | 0.428 | 0.206 | (0.038) |
| Age5 (61-70) | 0.494 | 0.123 | (0.000) |
| Age6 (71-) | 1.154 | 0.183 | (0.000) |
| If female | 0.078 | 0.087 | (0.366) |
| If schooling missing | -0.996 | 0.202 | (0.000) |
| If high school* | -0.168 | 0.131 | (0.201) |
| If university† | -0.044 | 0.124 | (0.727) |
| If no wage | -0.316 | 0.131 | (0.015) |
| Disposable income | 1.66e-07 | 3.32e-07 | (0.616) |
| If sickness benefits | 0.152 | 0.151 | (0.314) |
| If welfare benefits | -0.366 | 0.255 | (0.152) |
| If urban area | 0.208 | 0.093 | (0.025) |
| If rural area | 0.334 | 0.143 | (0.019) |
| If leisure home | -0.184 | 0.132 | (0.161) |
| Household size | 0.065 | 0.067 | (0.332) |
| If unemployed | 0.110 | 0.207 | (0.595) |
| If married | 0.438 | 0.119 | (0.000) |
| If immigrant | -0.403 | 0.189 | (0.033) |
| If hospital stay | -0.252 | 0.133 | (0.057) |
| Residual correlation | 0.233 | 0.423 | (0.596) |
| Log pseudolikelihood | -1080.595 | ||
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*
Includes individuals with a high school degree or individuals who studied at the university for less than two years.
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†
Includes individuals with more than two years at university.
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